A vitamin that your cells and tissues use for many essential functions, vitamin A is found in ready-to-use form in animal-based foods, but your body can also convert beta-carotene from plant-derived foods into vitamin A when needed. Beta-carotene may also have other benefits, in addition to being a precursor for vitamin A.
Vitamin A is actually a group of related compounds, called retinoids, with retinol the most common form. It's a fat-soluble vitamin that your body stores in your liver, ready to use when needed. Vitamin A supports your immune system and bones and is part of a compound called rhodopsin that absorbs light in your retina to help you see clearly. It's also crucial during development because it's used to produce new cells. Vitamin A is often measured in international units, and the Institute of Medicine recommends a daily intake of 3,000 international units for men and 2,310 for women, with slightly more during pregnancy and about 4,000 international units during breast-feeding.
Beta-carotene is called a provitamin A carotenoid because your body can convert it to active vitamin A. Also stored in your liver, it's a plant pigment that confers an orange or yellow color on many foods. Although no recommended dietary allowance has been established for beta-carotene, the Office of Dietary Supplements suggests consuming five or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily, adding deep yellow or orange examples regularly. Because beta-carotene has a different bio-activity than vitamin A, recommended daily amounts of vitamin A are also given in micrograms of retinol activity equivalents, with 12 micrograms of beta-carotene equivalent to 1 microgram of vitamin A, or retinol. In this system, a man needs 900 micrograms of RAEs and a woman needs 700.
In addition to acting as a vitamin A precursor, beta-carotene may have other significant benefits as a potent antioxidant. Antioxidants deactivate unstable chemicals called free radicals that form in your body during digestion, when you're exposed to sunlight or after you encounter toxins such as those in cigarette smoke. Over time, free radicals may raise your risk of heart disease, cancer and other disorders. Laboratory research summarized by experts at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center suggests beta-carotene may slow growth of cancer cells while boosting immune cells that destroy cancer. Results of clinical trials with beta-carotene, however, are either conflicting or inconclusive, so more study into its effects on human subjects is needed.
Foods rich in vitamin A include beef liver, fish, eggs, poultry and dairy products, as well as cereals and baked goods fortified with vitamin A. Beta-carotene is provided by many fruits and vegetables, with sweet potatoes, spinach, carrots, cantaloupe and mangoes being especially rich. Most multivitamin tablets contain vitamin A, and vitamin A-only supplements are also available, although the Office of Dietary Supplements says that eating a wide range of foods is the best way to ensure you consume enough vitamin A. Because your body can store the vitamin, taking too much vitamin A has some health risks and may lead to symptoms that include neurological problems and joint pain. High intake of beta-carotene doesn't carry the same risk because it's converted only as needed.
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胡萝卜素一般建议随餐服用或餐后温水吞服,但服用时不宜过量。具体用法用量因各品牌产品成分、含量的不同,而存在很大差异,你可进入胡萝卜素品牌专区查看各品牌的产品服用方法:
胡萝卜素品牌专区:
提起维生素A (VitaminA,VA),可能很多人就会把β-胡萝卜素当作VA,其实VA和β-胡萝卜素关系密如孪生姐妹,但是绝非等同。
维生素A及其功效
维生素A又称视黄醇或抗干眼病因子,是一类具有视黄醇生物活性的脂溶性醇类物质,一种是以视黄醇(Retinol)的形式存在,一种是维生素A前体:以β-胡萝卜素为主的胡萝卜素类。VA具有维持暗视觉的功能,可以维护上皮细胞组织结构的完整性和功能性,促进儿童的生长发育,维持骨骼和牙齿的正常生长。
β-胡萝卜素与维生素A的关系
VA和β-胡萝卜素关系密切如同孪生姐妹。β-胡萝卜素是维生素A的前体,在人体内转化为维生素A。当体内维生素A满足人体需求时,人体摄入的β-胡萝卜素会先储存起来,在人体代谢有需求时及时转化为一定量的维生素A。
β-胡萝卜素与维生素A的换算
(a)我国国标GB/Z 21922-2008规定:
维生素A含量=β-胡萝卜素/6=其他类型的胡萝卜素/12;食品中总的维生素A含量=维生素A+1/6β-胡萝卜素+1/12其他类型的胡萝卜素。
(b)香港环境卫生署规定:
维生素A含量=β-胡萝卜素/6;
食品中总的维生素A含量=维生素A+1/6β-胡萝卜素。
(c) GB 10765-2010《食品安全国家标准婴儿配方食品》和GB 10767-2010《食品安全国家标准较大婴儿和幼儿配方食品》规定:
维生素A只包括预先形成的视黄醇,在计算和声称维生素A活性时不包括任何的类胡萝卜素组分。
这样规定是因为有研究表明,婴幼儿生长发育尚不完全,其消化和吸收系统的功能还不够完善,不能像成年人一样有效吸收类胡萝卜素并将其转化成维生素A,故在计算时不将类胡萝卜素纳入,以免造成婴幼儿实际维生素A摄入不足,可能会影响婴幼儿的生长发育。
维生素A来源与摄入
视黄醇类来源主要是动物形式品如猪肉、鸡肉、鸡蛋、蟹、动物的肝脏、牛奶、鱼肝油等。β-胡萝卜素的主要来源是植物性食品,比如胡萝卜、枸杞、红番茄等。
直接补充强化视黄醇类维生素A营养品可能易导致维生素A蓄积中毒,而补充维生素A的前体β-胡萝卜素就相对安全,同时还有抗氧化作用,有助于降低有害的胆固醇含量、并可减少心脏病的发生。
补充维生素A最好的方式是食补,但要注意合理搭配各种食材,选择合适的烹饪方式,避免营养成分的过度流失。
果中的天然类胡萝卜素,摄入人体消化器官后,可以会被人体转换成维生素A,是目前最安全补充维生素A的产品 。但是,如果单纯补充化学合成维生素A,人体摄入过量时会中毒。所以,这一个特征使β-胡萝卜素成为维生素A的一个安全来源。
代谢与吸收
维生素A与胡萝卜素的吸收过程是不同的。维生素A的吸收为主动吸收,需要能量,吸收速率比胡萝卜素快7-30倍。胡萝卜素的吸收为物理扩散性,吸收量与摄入量多少相关。胡萝卜素的吸收部位在小肠,小肠细胞内含有胡萝卜素双氧化酶,在其作用下进入小肠细胞的胡萝卜素被分解为视黄醛或视黄醇。
前面我们说到过,维生素A摄入过量,但是这些中毒症状都是由直接摄入维生素A引起的,但是,摄入相同当量的β胡萝卜素则不会中毒的症状,β胡萝卜素被吸收之后会先储存在肝脏和脂肪细胞等部位,等到身体需要的时候才会被转化为视黄醇——相当于增加了一层缓冲和调控机制。这些储存在身体中的β胡萝卜素是没有毒性的,只是,过量的β胡萝卜素中橙色的色素大量进入血液,会让你的皮肤变黄,不过没有关系,暂停服用几天这种症状很快就会消失了。
A vitamin that your cells and tissues use for many essential functions, vitamin A is found in ready-to-use form in animal-based foods, but your body can also convert beta-carotene from plant-derived foods into vitamin A when needed. Beta-carotene may also have other benefits, in addition to being a precursor for vitamin A.
维生素A是一种细胞和组织用于很多必需功能的维生素,以现成形式见于动物性食品中,但人体也可以在需要时将植物来源食品中的β胡萝卜素转化为维生素A。除了是维生素A的前体,β胡萝卜素还有其他好处。
The Basic Vitamin
基础维生素
Vitamin A is actually a group of related compounds, called retinoids, with retinol the most common form. It's a fat-soluble vitamin that your body stores in your liver, ready to use when needed. Vitamin A supports your immune system and bones and is part of a compound called rhodopsin that absorbs light in your retina to help you see clearly. It's also crucial during development because it's used to produce new cells. Vitamin A is often measured in international units, and the Institute of Medicine recommends a daily intake of 3,000 international units for men and 2,310 for women, with slightly more during pregnancy and about 4,000 international units during breast-feeding.
维生素A实际上是一组彼此相关的复合物,称为类视黄醇类物质,视黄醇是其中最常见的形式。它是一种脂溶性维生素,人体将其储存在肝脏,在需要时随时可用。维生素A支持人的免疫系统和骨骼,是名为视紫红质的复合物的组成部分,该复合物在视网膜中吸收光线,帮助人看得清楚。在发育中,它也很关键,因为它用于生成新细胞。维生素A通常用国际单位来衡量,美国医学研究院建议,男人每天摄入3000国际单位,女人每天摄入2310国际单位,怀孕期间稍多,在母乳喂养时每天摄入4000国际单位。
Its Precursor
维生素的前体
Beta-carotene is called a provitamin A carotenoid because your body can convert it to active vitamin A. Also stored in your liver, it's a plant pigment that confers an orange or yellow color on many foods. Although no recommended dietary allowance has been established for beta-carotene, the Office of Dietary Supplements suggests consuming five or more servings of fruits and vegetables daily, adding deep yellow or orange examples regularly. Because beta-carotene has a different bio-activity than vitamin A, recommended daily amounts of vitamin A are also given in micrograms of retinol activity equivalents, with 12 micrograms of beta-carotene equivalent to 1 microgram of vitamin A, or retinol. In this system, a man needs 900 micrograms of RAEs and a woman needs 700.
β胡萝卜素称为原维生素A类胡萝卜素,因为人体能将其转化成活性维生素A。它也能储存在肝脏内,是一种植物色素,在很多食物中呈现出橙色或黄色。尽管对于β胡萝卜素没有规定饮食推荐摄入量,但膳食补品办公室建议:每天吃至少5份水果和蔬菜,经常加入深黄色或橙色类蔬果。由于相比维生素A,β胡萝卜素有不同的生物活性,因此,维生素A的推荐每日摄入量也以视黄醇活性当量的微克数给出,12微克的β胡萝卜素相当于1微克维生素A或视黄醇。在此系统中,一个男人的推荐每日摄入量是900微克胡萝卜素,而一个女人的是700。
Antioxidant Beta-Carotene
抗氧化剂β胡萝卜素
In addition to acting as a vitamin A precursor, beta-carotene may have other significant benefits as a potent antioxidant. Antioxidants deactivate unstable chemicals called free radicals that form in your body during digestion, when you're exposed to sunlight or after you encounter toxins such as those in cigarette smoke. Over time, free radicals may raise your risk of heart disease, cancer and other disorders. Laboratory research summarized by experts at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center suggests beta-carotene may slow growth of cancer cells while boosting immune cells that destroy cancer. Results of clinical trials with beta-carotene, however, are either conflicting or inconclusive, so more study into its effects on human subjects is needed.
除了充当维生素A前体,作为强力抗氧化剂,β胡萝卜素可能还有其他重要的好处。人在消化时,暴露在日晒下,或者吸入烟草雾气等毒素后,体内就会形成称为自由基的不稳定化学物质,而抗氧化剂可抑制其活化。不然,时间一长,自由基就会提高人患心脏病、癌症及其他疾病的风险。纪念斯隆-凯特琳癌症中心的专家们总结的实验室研究表明:β胡萝卜素可减缓癌细胞增长,同时增强摧毁癌症的免疫细胞活性。然而,对β胡萝卜素的临床试验要么彼此冲突,要么没有明确的结论,因此,对人体受试者的效果,还需要更多的研究。
Sources and Concerns
来源和要注意的问题
Foods rich in vitamin A include beef liver, fish, eggs, poultry and dairy products, as well as cereals and baked goods fortified with vitamin A. Beta-carotene is provided by many fruits and vegetables, with sweet potatoes, spinach, carrots, cantaloupe and mangoes being especially rich. Most multivitamin tablets contain vitamin A, and vitamin A-only supplements are also available, although the Office of Dietary Supplements says that eating a wide range of foods is the best way to ensure you consume enough vitamin A. Because your body can store the vitamin, taking too much vitamin A has some health risks and may lead to symptoms that include neurological problems and joint pain. High intake of beta-carotene doesn't carry the same risk because it's converted only as needed.
富含维生素A的食物有牛肝、鱼、鸡蛋、禽类和乳制品等,还有维生素A强化的谷物和烘焙产品。很多水果和蔬菜都提供β胡萝卜素,红薯、菠菜、胡萝卜、哈密瓜和芒果含量尤其丰富。大部分多维药片都含有维生素A,纯维生素A补品也能买到,不过,膳食补品办公室说:吃丰富多彩的食物,是确保摄入充足维生素A的最佳途径。因为人体会储存维生素,所以,摄入过多维生素A有些健康风险,可能会导致神经问题和关节疼痛等症状。大量摄入β胡萝卜素不会带来同样风险,因为它只在需要时才转化为维生素A。
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